name directory en python

bonsoir les amis je cherche a savoir svp que veux dire directory+ avec concatenation
merci d'avance

Voici la réponse du Data Analyst de ChatGPT :
En Python, l'opération de concaténation est souvent utilisée pour combiner des chaînes de caractères. Quand vous voyez une expression comme directory + suivie d'une autre chaîne, cela signifie généralement qu'on est en train de combiner (ou concaténer) la valeur de la variable directory avec une autre chaîne pour former un nouveau chemin ou une nouvelle chaîne.

Par exemple, si vous avez :

python
Copy code
directory = "/home/user/"
filename = "document.txt"
path = directory + filename
Ici, path aura comme valeur "/home/user/document.txt" après l'opération de concaténation. Cette technique est couramment utilisée pour créer des chemins de fichiers dynamiques dans des scripts où le répertoire et le nom du fichier peuvent varier.

La concaténation peut être utilisée avec le symbole + entre deux chaînes ou variables contenant des chaînes. Il est important de s'assurer que les objets que vous tentez de concaténer sont bien des chaînes (type str en Python), car tenter de concaténer des types non chaîne sans les convertir préalablement en chaîne (avec la fonction str(), par exemple) entraînera une erreur de type TypeError.

merci bcp par contre j'ai ce code et j'ai module not found keras sur macos monterey

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# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
'''ResNet50 model for Keras.
 
# Reference:
 
- [Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognition](https://arxiv.org/abs/1512.03385)
 
Adapted from code contributed by BigMoyan.
'''
from __future__ import print_function
 
import numpy as np
import warnings
 
from keras.layers import Input
from keras import layers
from keras.layers import Dense
from keras.layers import Activation
from keras.layers import Flatten
from keras.layers import Conv2D
from keras.layers import MaxPooling2D
from keras.layers import GlobalMaxPooling2D
from keras.layers import ZeroPadding2D
from keras.layers import AveragePooling2D
from keras.layers import GlobalAveragePooling2D
from keras.layers import BatchNormalization
from keras.models import Model
from keras.preprocessing import image
import keras.backend as K
from keras.utils import layer_utils
from keras.utils.data_utils import get_file
from keras.applications.imagenet_utils import decode_predictions
from keras.applications.imagenet_utils import preprocess_input
from keras.applications.imagenet_utils import _obtain_input_shape
from keras.engine.topology import get_source_inputs
 
 
WEIGHTS_PATH = 'https://github.com/fchollet/deep-learning-models/releases/download/v0.2/resnet50_weights_tf_dim_ordering_tf_kernels.h5'
WEIGHTS_PATH_NO_TOP = 'https://github.com/fchollet/deep-learning-models/releases/download/v0.2/resnet50_weights_tf_dim_ordering_tf_kernels_notop.h5'
 
 
def identity_block(input_tensor, kernel_size, filters, stage, block):
    """The identity block is the block that has no conv layer at shortcut.
 
    # Arguments
        input_tensor: input tensor
        kernel_size: defualt 3, the kernel size of middle conv layer at main path
        filters: list of integers, the filterss of 3 conv layer at main path
        stage: integer, current stage label, used for generating layer names
        block: 'a','b'..., current block label, used for generating layer names
 
    # Returns
        Output tensor for the block.
    """
    filters1, filters2, filters3 = filters
    if K.image_data_format() == 'channels_last':
        bn_axis = 3
    else:
        bn_axis = 1
    conv_name_base = 'res' + str(stage) + block + '_branch'
    bn_name_base = 'bn' + str(stage) + block + '_branch'
 
    x = Conv2D(filters1, (1, 1), name=conv_name_base + '2a')(input_tensor)
    x = BatchNormalization(axis=bn_axis, name=bn_name_base + '2a')(x)
    x = Activation('relu')(x)
 
    x = Conv2D(filters2, kernel_size,
               padding='same', name=conv_name_base + '2b')(x)
    x = BatchNormalization(axis=bn_axis, name=bn_name_base + '2b')(x)
    x = Activation('relu')(x)
 
    x = Conv2D(filters3, (1, 1), name=conv_name_base + '2c')(x)
    x = BatchNormalization(axis=bn_axis, name=bn_name_base + '2c')(x)
 
    x = layers.add([x, input_tensor])
    x = Activation('relu')(x)
    return x
 
 
def conv_block(input_tensor, kernel_size, filters, stage, block, strides=(2, 2)):
    """conv_block is the block that has a conv layer at shortcut
 
    # Arguments
        input_tensor: input tensor
        kernel_size: defualt 3, the kernel size of middle conv layer at main path
        filters: list of integers, the filterss of 3 conv layer at main path
        stage: integer, current stage label, used for generating layer names
        block: 'a','b'..., current block label, used for generating layer names
 
    # Returns
        Output tensor for the block.
 
    Note that from stage 3, the first conv layer at main path is with strides=(2,2)
    And the shortcut should have strides=(2,2) as well
    """
    filters1, filters2, filters3 = filters
    if K.image_data_format() == 'channels_last':
        bn_axis = 3
    else:
        bn_axis = 1
    conv_name_base = 'res' + str(stage) + block + '_branch'
    bn_name_base = 'bn' + str(stage) + block + '_branch'
 
    x = Conv2D(filters1, (1, 1), strides=strides,
               name=conv_name_base + '2a')(input_tensor)
    x = BatchNormalization(axis=bn_axis, name=bn_name_base + '2a')(x)
    x = Activation('relu')(x)
 
    x = Conv2D(filters2, kernel_size, padding='same',
               name=conv_name_base + '2b')(x)
    x = BatchNormalization(axis=bn_axis, name=bn_name_base + '2b')(x)
    x = Activation('relu')(x)
 
    x = Conv2D(filters3, (1, 1), name=conv_name_base + '2c')(x)
    x = BatchNormalization(axis=bn_axis, name=bn_name_base + '2c')(x)
 
    shortcut = Conv2D(filters3, (1, 1), strides=strides,
                      name=conv_name_base + '1')(input_tensor)
    shortcut = BatchNormalization(axis=bn_axis, name=bn_name_base + '1')(shortcut)
 
    x = layers.add([x, shortcut])
    x = Activation('relu')(x)
    return x
 
 
def ResNet50(include_top=True, weights='imagenet',
             input_tensor=None, input_shape=None,
             pooling=None,
             classes=1000):
    """Instantiates the ResNet50 architecture.
 
    Optionally loads weights pre-trained
    on ImageNet. Note that when using TensorFlow,
    for best performance you should set
    `image_data_format="channels_last"` in your Keras config
    at ~/.keras/keras.json.
 
    The model and the weights are compatible with both
    TensorFlow and Theano. The data format
    convention used by the model is the one
    specified in your Keras config file.
 
    # Arguments
        include_top: whether to include the fully-connected
            layer at the top of the network.
        weights: one of `None` (random initialization)
            or "imagenet" (pre-training on ImageNet).
        input_tensor: optional Keras tensor (i.e. output of `layers.Input()`)
            to use as image input for the model.
        input_shape: optional shape tuple, only to be specified
            if `include_top` is False (otherwise the input shape
            has to be `(224, 224, 3)` (with `channels_last` data format)
            or `(3, 224, 244)` (with `channels_first` data format).
            It should have exactly 3 inputs channels,
            and width and height should be no smaller than 197.
            E.g. `(200, 200, 3)` would be one valid value.
        pooling: Optional pooling mode for feature extraction
            when `include_top` is `False`.
            - `None` means that the output of the model will be
                the 4D tensor output of the
                last convolutional layer.
            - `avg` means that global average pooling
                will be applied to the output of the
                last convolutional layer, and thus
                the output of the model will be a 2D tensor.
            - `max` means that global max pooling will
                be applied.
        classes: optional number of classes to classify images
            into, only to be specified if `include_top` is True, and
            if no `weights` argument is specified.
 
    # Returns
        A Keras model instance.
 
    # Raises
        ValueError: in case of invalid argument for `weights`,
            or invalid input shape.
    """
    if weights not in {'imagenet', None}:
        raise ValueError('The `weights` argument should be either '
                         '`None` (random initialization) or `imagenet` '
                         '(pre-training on ImageNet).')
 
    if weights == 'imagenet' and include_top and classes != 1000:
        raise ValueError('If using `weights` as imagenet with `include_top`'
                         ' as true, `classes` should be 1000')
 
    # Determine proper input shape
    input_shape = _obtain_input_shape(input_shape,
                                      default_size=224,
                                      min_size=197,
                                      data_format=K.image_data_format(),
                                      include_top=include_top)
 
    if input_tensor is None:
        img_input = Input(shape=input_shape)
    else:
        if not K.is_keras_tensor(input_tensor):
            img_input = Input(tensor=input_tensor, shape=input_shape)
        else:
            img_input = input_tensor
    if K.image_data_format() == 'channels_last':
        bn_axis = 3
    else:
        bn_axis = 1
 
    x = ZeroPadding2D((3, 3))(img_input)
    x = Conv2D(64, (7, 7), strides=(2, 2), name='conv1')(x)
    x = BatchNormalization(axis=bn_axis, name='bn_conv1')(x)
    x = Activation('relu')(x)
    x = MaxPooling2D((3, 3), strides=(2, 2))(x)
 
    x = conv_block(x, 3, [64, 64, 256], stage=2, block='a', strides=(1, 1))
    x = identity_block(x, 3, [64, 64, 256], stage=2, block='b')
    x = identity_block(x, 3, [64, 64, 256], stage=2, block='c')
 
    x = conv_block(x, 3, [128, 128, 512], stage=3, block='a')
    x = identity_block(x, 3, [128, 128, 512], stage=3, block='b')
    x = identity_block(x, 3, [128, 128, 512], stage=3, block='c')
    x = identity_block(x, 3, [128, 128, 512], stage=3, block='d')
 
    x = conv_block(x, 3, [256, 256, 1024], stage=4, block='a')
    x = identity_block(x, 3, [256, 256, 1024], stage=4, block='b')
    x = identity_block(x, 3, [256, 256, 1024], stage=4, block='c')
    x = identity_block(x, 3, [256, 256, 1024], stage=4, block='d')
    x = identity_block(x, 3, [256, 256, 1024], stage=4, block='e')
    x = identity_block(x, 3, [256, 256, 1024], stage=4, block='f')
 
    x = conv_block(x, 3, [512, 512, 2048], stage=5, block='a')
    x = identity_block(x, 3, [512, 512, 2048], stage=5, block='b')
    x = identity_block(x, 3, [512, 512, 2048], stage=5, block='c')
 
    x = AveragePooling2D((7, 7), name='avg_pool')(x)
 
    if include_top:
        x = Flatten()(x)
        x = Dense(classes, activation='softmax', name='fc1000')(x)
    else:
        if pooling == 'avg':
            x = GlobalAveragePooling2D()(x)
        elif pooling == 'max':
            x = GlobalMaxPooling2D()(x)
 
    # Ensure that the model takes into account
    # any potential predecessors of `input_tensor`.
    if input_tensor is not None:
        inputs = get_source_inputs(input_tensor)
    else:
        inputs = img_input
    # Create model.
    model = Model(inputs, x, name='resnet50')
 
    # load weights
    if weights == 'imagenet':
        if include_top:
            weights_path = get_file('resnet50_weights_tf_dim_ordering_tf_kernels.h5',
                                    WEIGHTS_PATH,
                                    cache_subdir='models',
                                    md5_hash='a7b3fe01876f51b976af0dea6bc144eb')
        else:
            weights_path = get_file('resnet50_weights_tf_dim_ordering_tf_kernels_notop.h5',
                                    WEIGHTS_PATH_NO_TOP,
                                    cache_subdir='models',
                                    md5_hash='a268eb855778b3df3c7506639542a6af')
        model.load_weights(weights_path)
        if K.backend() == 'theano':
            layer_utils.convert_all_kernels_in_model(model)
 
        if K.image_data_format() == 'channels_first':
            if include_top:
                maxpool = model.get_layer(name='avg_pool')
                shape = maxpool.output_shape[1:]
                dense = model.get_layer(name='fc1000')
                layer_utils.convert_dense_weights_data_format(dense, shape, 'channels_first')
 
            if K.backend() == 'tensorflow':
                warnings.warn('You are using the TensorFlow backend, yet you '
                              'are using the Theano '
                              'image data format convention '
                              '(`image_data_format="channels_first"`). '
                              'For best performance, set '
                              '`image_data_format="channels_last"` in '
                              'your Keras config '
                              'at ~/.keras/keras.json.')
    return model
 
 
if __name__ == '__main__':
    model = ResNet50(include_top=True, weights='imagenet')
 
    img_path = 'elephant.jpg'
    img = image.load_img(img_path, target_size=(224, 224))
    x = image.img_to_array(img)
    x = np.expand_dims(x, axis=0)
    x = preprocess_input(x)
    print('Input image shape:', x.shape)
 
    preds = model.predict(x)
    print('Predicted:', decode_predictions(preds))

j'etais sur jupyter lab et ca ne marche pas

Bonjour

Citation:

Envoyé par s2a07

je cherche a savoir svp que veux dire directory+ avec concatenation

Tu as ouvert un tuto Python ? Là où ça parle des strings...

Citation:

Envoyé par s2a07

j'ai ce code et j'ai module not found keras sur macos monterey...j'etais sur jupyter lab et ca ne marche pas

On t'a déjà répondu sur ce sujet et cela avait été résolu.