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$block        = new PhpEcho();
$block['foo'] = 'abc " < >';   // stock une clé-valeur dans l'instance du bloc
 
// récupération de la valeur ECHAPPÉE, par défaut, ce qui rentre dans l'instance 
// ressort échappé avec htmlspecialchars()
$x = $block['foo'];   // $x = 'abc &_quot; &lt; &gt;'
 
// pour faire un échappement à la demande : notation fonction et appel à un helper "$hsc"
$y = $block('$hsc', 'une valeur à échapper');
 
// récupération de la valeur non échappée : notation fonction et appel à un helper "$raw"
$z = $block('$raw', 'foo'); // $z = 'abc " < >'

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$checked = function($p, $ref) use ($is_scalar): string {
    return $is_scalar($p) && $is_scalar($ref) && ((string)$p === (string)$ref) ? ' checked ' : '';
};
$helpers['$checked'] = [$checked, HELPER_RETURN_ESCAPED_DATA];

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$raw = function(string $key) {
    return $this->vars[$key] ?? null;
};
$helpers['$raw'] = [$raw, HELPER_RETURN_ESCAPED_DATA, HELPER_BINDED_TO_CLASS_INSTANCE];

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<?php
 
namespace rawsrc\PhpEcho;
 
use ArrayAccess;
 
if ( ! defined('HELPER_BOUND_TO_CLASS_INSTANCE')) {
    define('HELPER_BOUND_TO_CLASS_INSTANCE', 1);
}
 
if ( ! defined('HELPER_RETURN_ESCAPED_DATA')) {
    define('HELPER_RETURN_ESCAPED_DATA', 2);
}
 
/**
 * PhpEcho : PHP Template engine : One class to rule them all ;-)
 *
 * @link        https://www.developpez.net/forums/blogs/32058-rawsrc/b9154/phpecho-version-2-0-0/
 * @author      rawsrc - https://www.developpez.net/forums/u32058/rawsrc/
 * @copyright   MIT License
 *
 *              Copyright (c) 2020 rawsrc
 *
 *              Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
 *              of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
 *              in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
 *              to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
 *              copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
 *              furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
 *
 *              The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
 *              copies or substantial portions of the Software.
 *
 *              THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
 *              IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
 *              FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
 *              AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
 *              LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
 *              OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
 *              SOFTWARE.
 *
 *
 * @method mixed  raw($p)       Return the raw value from a PhpEcho block
 * @method mixed  hsc($p)       Escape the value in parameter (scalar, array, stringifyable)
 * @method bool   isScalar($p)
 * @method string selected($p, $ref)    Return " selected " if $p == $ref
 * @method string checked($p, $ref)     Return " checked "  if $p == $ref
 */
class PhpEcho
implements ArrayAccess
{
    /**
     * @var string
     */
    private $id = '';
    /**
     * @var array
     */
    private $vars = [];
    /**
     * Full resolved filepath to the external view file
     * @var string
     */
    private $file = '';
    /**
     * @var string
     */
    private $code = '';
    /**
     * @var array [helper's id => bound closure]
     */
    private $bound_helpers = [];
 
    /**
     * @param mixed  $file   see setFile() below
     * @param array  $vars
     * @param string $id     if empty then auto-generated
     */
    public function __construct($file = '', array $vars = [], string $id = '')
    {
        if ($file !== '') {
            $this->setFile($file);
        }
 
        if ($id === '') {
            $this->generateId();
        } else {
            $this->id = $id;
        }
 
        $this->vars = $vars;
        self::addPathToHelperFile(__DIR__.DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR.'stdHelpers.php');
    }
 
    /**
     * @param string $id
     */
    public function setId(string $id)
    {
        $this->id = $id;
    }
 
    /**
     * @return string
     */
    public function id(): string
    {
        return $this->id;
    }
 
    /**
     * Generate an unique execution id based on random_bytes()
     * Always start with a letter
     */
    public function generateId()
    {
        $this->id = chr(mt_rand(97, 122)).bin2hex(random_bytes(4));
    }
 
    /**
     * Interface ArrayAccess
     * @param mixed $offset
     * @return bool
     */
    public function offsetExists($offset)
    {
        return array_key_exists($offset, $this->vars);
    }
 
    /**
     * Interface ArrayAccess
     *
     * Return escaped value for
     *     - scalars
     *     - array (escape keys and values)
     *     - stringifyable instance (class implementing __toString() method)
     *
     * If object: return the object
     *
     * @param mixed $offset
     * @return mixed|null
     */
    public function offsetGet($offset)
    {
        if (isset($this->vars[$offset])) {
            $v = $this->vars[$offset];
            if (is_array($v) || $this('$is_scalar', $v)) {
                return $this('$hsc', $v);
            } elseif (is_object($v)) {
                return $v;
            }
        }
        return null;
    }
 
    /**
     * Interface ArrayAccess
     * @param mixed $offset
     * @param mixed $value
     */
    public function offsetSet($offset, $value)
    {
        $this->vars[$offset] = $value;
    }
 
    /**
     * Interface ArrayAccess
     * @param mixed $offset
     */
    public function offsetUnset($offset)
    {
        unset($this->vars[$offset]);
    }
 
    /**
     * Define the filepath to the external view file to include
     *
     * Rule R001 : Any space inside a name will be automatically converted to DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR
     *
     * For strings : $parts = 'www user view login.php';
     *  - become "www/user/view/login.php"  if DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR = '/'
     *  - become "www\user\view\login.php"  if DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR = '\'
     *
     * For arrays, same rule (R001) for all values inside : $parts = ['www/user', 'view login.php'];
     *  - become "www/user/view/login.php"  if DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR = '/'
     *  - become "www/user\view\login.php"  if DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR = '\'
     *
     * File inclusion remove the inline code
     *
     * @param mixed $parts string|array
     */
    public function setFile($parts)
    {
        $file  = [];
        $parts = is_string($parts) ? explode(' ', $parts) : $parts;
        foreach ($parts as $p) {
            $file[] = str_replace(' ', DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR, $p);
        }
        $this->file = str_replace(DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR.DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR, DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR, implode(DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR, $file));
        $this->code = '';
    }
 
    /**
     * Instead on including an external file, use inline code for the view
     *
     * CAREFUL : when you use inline code with dynamic values from the array $vars, you must
     * be absolutely sure that the values are already defined before, otherwise you will only have empty strings
     *
     * Inline code remove the included file
     *
     * @param string $code
     */
    public function setCode(string $code)
    {
        $this->code = $code;
        $this->file = '';
    }
 
    /**
     * This function call a helper defined elsewhere or dynamically
     * Auto-escape if necessary
     *
     * @param string $helper
     * @param array  $args
     * @return mixed
     */
    public function __invoke(string $helper, ...$args)
    {
        if ($helper !== '') {
            if (self::isHelper($helper)) {
                if (empty($this->bound_helpers)) {
                    $this->bound_helpers = self::bindHelpersTo($this);
                }
                $escaped = self::isHelperOfType($helper, HELPER_RETURN_ESCAPED_DATA);
                $helpers = $this->bound_helpers + self::$helpers;
                $helper  = $helpers[$helper];
                $result  = $helper(...$args);
                // being in a HTML context: in any case, the returned data should be escaped
                // if you don't want so, use the specific helper '$raw'
                if ($escaped) {
                    return $result;
                } else {
                    return $this('$hsc', $result);
                }
            }
        }
        return null;
    }
 
    /**
     * @param $name
     * @param $arguments
     */
    public function __call($name, $arguments)
    {
        if (self::isHelper($name)) {
            return $this->__invoke($name, ...$arguments);
        } elseif (self::isHelper('$'.$name)) {
            return $this->__invoke('$'.$name, ...$arguments);
        } else {
            return null;
        }
    }
 
    /**
     * Magic method that returns a string instead of current instance of the class in a string context
     */
    public function __toString()
    {
        if (($this->file !== '') && is_file($this->file)) {
            ob_start();
            include $this->file;
            return ob_get_clean();
        } else {
            return $this->code;
        }
    }
 
    //region HELPER ZONE
    /**
     * @var array  [name => closure]
     */
    private static $helpers = [];
    /**
     * @var array  [path to the helpers file to include]
     */
    private static $helpers_file_path = [];
    /**
     * @var array [helper's name => [type]]
     */
    private static $helpers_types = [];
    /**
     * @var array   [helpers filepath to inject]
     */
    private static $helpers_file_to_inject = [];
 
    /**
     * @param string   $name
     * @param \Closure $closure
     * @param int      ...$types  HELPER_RETURN_ESCAPED_DATA HELPER_BOUND_TO_CLASS_INSTANCE
     */
    public static function addHelper(string $name, \Closure $closure, int ...$types)
    {
        self::$helpers[$name] = $closure;
        foreach ($types as $t) {
            self::$helpers_types[$name][] = $t; // HELPER_BOUND_TO_CLASS_INSTANCE HELPER_RETURN_ESCAPED_DATA
        }
    }
 
    /**
     * @param array $helpers [name => Closure | name => [Closure, ...type]]
     */
    public static function addHelpers(array $helpers)
    {
        foreach ($helpers as $name => $h) {
            if ($h instanceof \Closure) {
                self::$helpers[$name] = $h;
            } elseif (is_array($h)) {
                self::addHelper($name, array_shift($h), ...$h);
            }
        }
    }
 
    /**
     * @return array [name => closure]
     */
    public static function helpers(): array
    {
        return self::$helpers;
    }
 
    /**
     * Path to the file that contains helpers closure definition
     * The helpers are common to all instances and will be included only once
     *
     * @param string ...$path
     */
    public static function addPathToHelperFile(string ...$path)
    {
        foreach ($path as $p) {
            if ( ! isset(self::$helpers_file_path[$p])) {
                self::$helpers_file_path[$p]    = true;
                self::$helpers_file_to_inject[] = $p;
            }
        }
    }
 
    /**
     * Read the paths and inject only once all the helpers
     */
    public static function injectHelpers()
    {
        foreach (self::$helpers_file_to_inject as $path) {
            if (is_file($path)) {
                self::addHelpers(include $path);
            }
        }
        self::$helpers_file_to_inject = [];
    }
 
    /**
     * @param  string   $helper_name
     * @return array    [int]
     */
    public static function getHelperTypes(string $helper_name): array
    {
        return self::$helpers_types[$helper_name] ?? [];
    }
 
    /**
     * @param  string $helper_name
     * @return bool
     */
    public static function isHelper(string $helper_name): bool
    {
        if (isset(self::$helpers[$helper_name])) {
            return true;
        } else {
            self::injectHelpers();
            return isset(self::$helpers[$helper_name]);
        }
    }
 
    /**
     * Check if the helper has the defined type
     *
     * @param  string $helper_name
     * @param  int    $type
     * @return bool
     */
    public static function isHelperOfType(string $helper_name, int $type): bool
    {
        return isset(self::$helpers_types[$helper_name])
            ? in_array($type, self::$helpers_types[$helper_name])
            : false;
    }
 
    /**
     * @param  array $type      array of types [type]
     * @param  bool  $strict    when match, check if the helper has only the asked types
     * @return array            [helper's name => closure]
     */
    public static function getHelpersByType(array $type, bool $strict = false): array
    {
        $data = [];
        foreach (self::$helpers_types as $name => $v) {
            $intersect = array_intersect($type, $v);
            if (( ! empty($intersect)) && (count($type) === count($intersect))) {
                if ($strict) {
                    if  (count($type) === count($v)) {
                        $data[$name] = self::$helpers[$name];
                    }
                } else {
                    $data[$name] = self::$helpers[$name];
                }
            }
        }
        return $data;
    }
 
    /**
     * Change the helper's binding context to the given one in parameter
     * Only for helpers bound to a class instance
     *
     * @param object $p
     * @return array        [helper's id => bound closure]
     */
    public static function bindHelpersTo(object $p): array
    {
        $helpers = [];
        foreach (self::getHelpersByType([HELPER_BOUND_TO_CLASS_INSTANCE], false) as $name => $hlp) {
            $helpers[$name] = $hlp->bindTo($p, $p);
        }
        return $helpers;
    }
    //endregion
}
 
// make the class directly available on the global namespace
class_alias('rawsrc\PhpEcho\PhpEcho', 'PhpEcho', false);

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<?php
 
declare(strict_types=1);
 
$helpers = [];
 
/**
 * Return the raw value from the key in parameter
 * CAREFUL : THIS VALUE IS NOT ESCAPED
 *
 * This helper is linked to an instance of PhpEcho
 *
 * @param string $key
 * @return mixed|null
 */
$raw = function(string $key) {
    return $this->vars[$key] ?? null;
};
$helpers['$raw'] = [$raw, HELPER_BOUND_TO_CLASS_INSTANCE, HELPER_RETURN_ESCAPED_DATA];
 
 
/**
 * This is a standalone helper
 *
 * @param $p
 * @return bool
 */
$is_scalar = function($p): bool {
    return is_scalar($p) || (is_object($p) && method_exists($p, '__toString'));
};
$helpers['$is_scalar'] = [$is_scalar, HELPER_RETURN_ESCAPED_DATA];
$helpers['isScalar']   = $helpers['$is_scalar']; // alias for method call
 
 
/**
 * Return an array of escaped values with htmlspecialchars(ENT_QUOTES, 'utf-8') for both keys and values
 * Works for scalar and array type and transform any object having __toString() function implemented to a escaped string
 * Otherwise, keep the object as it
 *
 * This is a standalone helper that is not directly accessible
 * Use instead the common helper '$hsc' which is compatible with arrays
 *
 * @param  array $part
 * @return array
 */
$hsc_array = function(array $part) use (&$hsc_array, $is_scalar): array {
    $data = [];
    foreach ($part as $k => $v) {
        $sk = htmlspecialchars((string)$k, ENT_QUOTES, 'utf-8');
        if (is_array($v)) {
            $data[$sk] = $hsc_array($v);
        } elseif ($is_scalar($v)) {
            $data[$sk] = htmlspecialchars((string)$v, ENT_QUOTES, 'utf-8');
        } else {
            $data[$sk] = $v;
        }
    }
    return $data;
};
 
 
/**
 * This is a standalone helper
 *
 * @param  $p
 * @return mixed
 */
$hsc = function($p) use ($hsc_array, $is_scalar) {
    if ($is_scalar($p)) {
        return htmlspecialchars((string)$p, ENT_QUOTES, 'utf-8');
    } elseif (is_array($p)) {
        return $hsc_array($p);
    } else {
        return '';
    }
};
$helpers['$hsc'] = [$hsc, HELPER_RETURN_ESCAPED_DATA];
 
 
/**
 * Return the html attribute "selected" if $p == $ref
 * This is a standalone helper
 *
 * @param $p        value to check
 * @param $ref      selected value ref
 * @return string
 */
$selected = function($p, $ref) use ($is_scalar): string {
    return $is_scalar($p) && $is_scalar($ref) && ((string)$p === (string)$ref) ? ' selected ' : '';
};
$helpers['$selected'] = [$selected, HELPER_RETURN_ESCAPED_DATA];
 
 
/**
 * Return the html attribute "checked" if $p == $ref
 * This is a standalone helper
 *
 * @param $p        value to check
 * @param $ref      checked value ref
 * @return string
 */
$checked = function($p, $ref) use ($is_scalar): string {
    return $is_scalar($p) && $is_scalar($ref) && ((string)$p === (string)$ref) ? ' checked ' : '';
};
$helpers['$checked'] = [$checked, HELPER_RETURN_ESCAPED_DATA];
 
 
// return the array of helpers to PhpEcho
return $helpers;

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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <?= implode('', $this('$raw', 'meta') ?? []) ?>
    <title><?= $this['title'] ?></title>
</head>
<body>
<?= $this('$raw', 'body') ?>
</body>
</html>

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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <?= implode('', $this['meta'] ?? []) ?>
    <title><?= $this('title') ?></title>
</head>
<body>
<?= $this['body'] ?>
</body>
</html>

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CREATE OR REPLACE TABLE db_pdo_plus_plus.t_video
(
    video_id            int auto_increment primary key,
    video_title         varchar(255) not null,
    video_support       varchar(30) not null comment 'DVD DIVX BLU-RAY',
    video_multilingual  tinyint(1) default 0 not null,
    video_chapter       int null,
    video_year          int not null,
    video_summary       text null,
    video_stock         int default 0
);

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<?php
 
declare(strict_types=1);
 
namespace rawsrc\PDOPlusPlus;
 
use BadMethodCallException;
use Exception;
use PDO;
use PDOStatement;
use TypeError;
 
/**
 * PDOPlusPlus : A PHP Full Object PDO Wrapper with a new revolutionary fluid SQL syntax
 *
 * @link        https://www.developpez.net/forums/blogs/32058-rawsrc/b9083/pdoplusplus-nouvelle-facon-dutiliser-pdo/
 * @link        https://github.com/rawsrc/PDOPlusPlus
 * @author      rawsrc - https://www.developpez.net/forums/u32058/rawsrc/
 * @copyright   MIT License
 *
 *              Copyright (c) 2020 rawsrc
 *
 *              Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
 *              of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
 *              in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
 *              to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
 *              copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
 *              furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
 *
 *              The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
 *              copies or substantial portions of the Software.
 *
 *              THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
 *              IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
 *              FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
 *              AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
 *              LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
 *              OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
 *              SOFTWARE.
 */
class PDOPlusPlus
{
    /**
     * @const string    Used by tag generator
     */
    protected const ALPHA = 'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ';
    /**
     * @const string
     */
    public const MODE_PREPARE_VALUES = 'prepare_values';
    /**
     * @const string
     */
    public const MODE_PREPARE_PARAMS = 'prepare_params';
    /**
     * @const string
     */
    public const MODE_SQL_DIRECT = 'sql_direct';
    /**
     * @var PDO
     */
    protected static $pdo = null;
    /**
     * @var array
     */
    protected static $tags = [];
    /**
     * @var array   [tag => value]
     */
    protected $values = [];
    /**
     * @var array   [tag => PDO::PARAM_xxx]
     */
    protected $types = [];
    /**
     * @var array
     */
    protected $in_params = [];
    /**
     * Used only for OUT Params in stored procedure
     * @var array  [param]
     */
    protected $out_params = [];
    /**
     * Used only for OUT and IN_OUT Params in stored procedure
     * @var array
     */
    protected $inout_params = [];
    /**
     * @var string
     */
    protected $mode;
    /**
     * @var bool
     */
    protected $debug;
    /**
     * @var PDOStatement
     */
    protected $stmt;
    /**
     * @var bool
     */
    protected $params_already_bound = false;
    /**
     * @var bool
     */
    protected $is_transactional = false;
    /**
     * @var array used by nested transactions
     */
    protected $save_points = [];
 
    /**
     * @return bool
     */
    protected function isModePrepareValues(): bool
    {
        return $this->mode === self::MODE_PREPARE_VALUES;
    }
 
    /**
     * @return bool
     */
    protected function isModePrepareParams(): bool
    {
        return $this->mode === self::MODE_PREPARE_PARAMS;
    }
 
    /**
     * @return bool
     */
    protected function isModeSQLDirect(): bool
    {
        return $this->mode === self::MODE_SQL_DIRECT;
    }
 
    /**
     * @return bool
     */
    protected function hasInParams(): bool
    {
        return ! (empty($this->in_params) && empty($this->inout_params));
    }
 
    /**
     * @return bool
     */
    protected function hasInOutParams(): bool
    {
        return ! empty($this->inout_params);
    }
 
    /**
     * @return bool
     */
    protected function hasOutParams(): bool
    {
        return ! (empty($this->out_params) && empty($this->inout_params));
    }
 
    /**
     * @return array
     */
    protected function outParams(): array
    {
        return array_merge($this->out_params, $this->inout_params);
    }
 
    /**
     * @return string
     */
    public function mode(): string
    {
        return $this->mode;
    }
 
    /**
     * @return PDO
     */
    public static function pdo(): PDO
    {
        if (self::$pdo === null) {
            self::connect();
        }
        return self::$pdo;
    }
 
    /**
     * 3 modes available :
     * - MODE_SQL_DIRECT     : omits the PDO prepare()
     * - MODE_PREPARE_VALUES : use PDO::prepare() with bindValue()
     * - MODE_PREPARE_PARAMS : use PDO::prepare() with bindParams()
     *
     * @param string $mode
     * @param bool   $debug
     */
    public function __construct(string $mode = self::MODE_SQL_DIRECT, bool $debug = false)
    {
        $modes       = [self::MODE_SQL_DIRECT, self::MODE_PREPARE_VALUES, self::MODE_PREPARE_PARAMS];
        $this->mode  = in_array($mode, $modes, true) ? $mode : self::MODE_SQL_DIRECT;
        $this->debug = $debug;
    }
 
    //region DATABASE CONNECTION
    /**
     * Default parameters for PDO are :
     *      \PDO::ATTR_ERRMODE            => \PDO::ERRMODE_EXCEPTION,
     *      \PDO::ATTR_DEFAULT_FETCH_MODE => \PDO::FETCH_ASSOC,
     *      \PDO::ATTR_EMULATE_PREPARES   => false
     *
     * @param string $scheme     Ex: mysql pgsql...
     * @param string $host       server host
     * @param string $database   database name
     * @param string $user       user name
     * @param string $pwd        password
     * @param string $port       port number
     * @param string $timeout
     * @param array  $pdo_params others parameters for PDO          [key => value]
     * @param array  $dsn_params other parameter for the dsn string [string]
     * @throws Exception
     */
    protected static function connect(
        string $scheme = DB_SCHEME, string $host = DB_HOST, string $database = DB_NAME, string $user = DB_USER,
        string $pwd = DB_PWD, string $port = DB_PORT, string $timeout = DB_TIMEOUT, array $pdo_params = DB_PDO_PARAMS,
        array $dsn_params = DB_DSN_PARAMS
    ) {
        $dsn = "{$scheme}:host={$host};dbname={$database};";
 
        if ((int)($port)) {
            $dsn .= 'port='.(int)$port.';';
        }
 
        if ((int)$timeout) {
            $dsn .= 'connect_timeout='.(int)$timeout.';';
        }
 
        if ( ! empty($dsn_params)) {
            $dsn .= implode(';', $dsn_params).';';
        }
 
        $params = $pdo_params + [
            PDO::ATTR_ERRMODE            => PDO::ERRMODE_EXCEPTION,
            PDO::ATTR_DEFAULT_FETCH_MODE => PDO::FETCH_ASSOC,
            PDO::ATTR_EMULATE_PREPARES   => false
        ];
 
        try {
            self::$pdo = new PDO($dsn, $user, $pwd, $params);
        } catch (Exception $e) {
            throw $e;
        }
    }
    //endregion
 
    /**
     * 3 parameters allowed :
     *    - the 1st is always reserved to the value
     *    - the 2 others are free, even in their placement
     *          - one boolean strict for the nullable attribute
     *          - one string for the type among: 'int', 'str', 'float', 'double', 'num', 'numeric', 'bool'
     *
     * By default all fields are strings and nullable
     *
     * @param array $args
     * @return mixed
     */
    public function __invoke(...$args)
    {
        return $this->injectorInByVal()(...$args);
    }
 
    //region TRANSACTION
    /**
     * The SQL "SET TRANSACTION" must be defined before starting
     * a new transaction otherwise it will be ignored
     *
     * @param string $sql
     * @throws Exception
     */
    public function setTransaction(string $sql)
    {
        if ( ! $this->is_transactional) {
            $this->execTransaction($sql, 'setTransaction', false);
        }
    }
 
    /**
     * @throws Exception
     */
    public function startTransaction()
    {
        // transaction already started
        if ($this->is_transactional) {
            // for nested transaction create internally a save point
            // to be able to rollback only the current transaction
            // as PDO only rollback all the transactions
            $save_point = self::tag('');
            $this->savePoint($save_point);
        } else {
            $this->execTransaction('START TRANSACTION;', 'startTransaction', true);
        }
    }
 
    /**
     * The commit apply always to the whole transaction at once
     *
     * @throws Exception
     */
    public function commit()
    {
        if ($this->is_transactional) {
            $this->execTransaction('COMMIT;', 'commit', false);
        }
    }
 
    /**
     * Rollback only the last transaction
     *
     * @throws Exception
     */
    public function rollback()
    {
        if ($this->is_transactional) {
            if (empty($this->save_points)) {
                $this->execTransaction('ROLLBACK;', 'rollback', false);
            } else {
                $save_point = array_pop($this->save_points);
                $this->rollbackTo($save_point);
            }
        }
    }
 
    /**
     * Rollback the whole transaction at once
     *
     * @throws Exception
     */
    public function rollbackAll()
    {
        $this->save_points = [];
        $this->rollback();
    }
 
    /**
     * Create a save point
     *
     * @param string $point_name
     * @throws Exception
     */
    public function savePoint(string $point_name)
    {
        if ($this->is_transactional) {
            $this->execTransaction("SAVEPOINT {$point_name};", 'savePoint', null);
            $this->save_points[] = $point_name;
        }
    }
 
    /**
     * @param string $point_name
     * @throws Exception
     */
    public function rollbackTo(string $point_name)
    {
        if ($this->is_transactional) {
            $this->execTransaction("ROLLBACK TO {$point_name};", 'rollbackTo', null);
        }
    }
 
    /**
     * Release a save point
     *
     * @param string $point_name
     * @throws Exception
     */
    public function release(string $point_name)
    {
        if ($this->is_transactional && in_array($point_name, $this->save_points, true)) {
            $this->execTransaction("RELEASE SAVEPOINT {$point_name};", 'release', null);
            $pos = array_search($point_name, $this->save_points, true);
            unset ($this->save_points[$pos]);
        }
    }
 
    /**
     * @throws Exception
     */
    public function releaseAll()
    {
        foreach ($this->save_points as $point) {
            $this->release($point);
        }
    }
 
    /**
     * Common code
     *
     * @param string    $sql
     * @param string    $func_name
     * @param bool|null $final_transaction_status
     * @throws Exception
     */
    private function execTransaction(string $sql, string $func_name, ?bool $final_transaction_status)
    {
        try {
            self::pdo()->exec($sql);
            if (is_bool($final_transaction_status)) {
                $this->is_transactional = $final_transaction_status;
            }
            if ($this->is_transactional === false) {
                $this->save_points = [];
            }
        } catch (Exception $e) {
            if ($this->debug) {
                var_dump($sql);
            }
            error_log("PPP::execTransaction::{$func_name} - ".$e->getMessage());
            throw $e;
        }
    }
    //endregion
 
    //region INJECTORS
    /**
     * Return the corresponding params/value injector to the current mode
     *
     * @param string $type // among: in out inout
     * @return object
     */
    public function injector(string $type = 'in'): object
    {
        if ($type === 'out') {
            return $this->injectorOut();
        }
 
        if ($type === 'inout') {
            if ($this->isModePrepareParams()) {
                return $this->injectorInOutByRef();
            } else {
                return $this->injectorInOutByVal();
            }
        }
 
        if ($type === 'in') {
            if ($this->isModePrepareParams()) {
                return $this->injectorInByRef();
            }
        }
 
        // by default
        return $this->injectorInByVal();
    }
 
    /**
     * Default injector
     * @return object
     */
    protected function injectorInByVal(): object
    {
        return new class($this) extends PDOPlusPlus {
            /**
             * @var PDOPlusPlus
             */
            private $ppp;
 
            /**
             * @param PDOPlusPlus $p
             */
            public function __construct(PDOPlusPlus $p)
            {
                $this->ppp = $p;
            }
 
            public function __invoke(...$args)
            {
                if (empty($args)) {
                    throw new BadMethodCallException('Missing value');
                }
 
                $value = $args[0];
                $type  = $args[1] ?? 'str';
 
                /**
                 * @param $p
                 * @return bool
                 */
                $is_scalar = function($p): bool {
                    return ($p === null) || is_scalar($p) || (is_object($p) && method_exists($p, '__toString'));
                };
 
                if ( ! $is_scalar($value)) {
                    throw new TypeError('Null or scalar value expected or class with __toString() implemented');
                }
 
                if ($this->ppp->isModePrepareValues()) {
                    $tag = PDOPlusPlus::tag();
                    $this->ppp->values[$tag] = $value;
                    $this->ppp->types[$tag]  = $type;
                    $this->ppp->in_params[]  = $tag;
                    return $tag;
                } elseif ($this->ppp->isModeSQLDirect()) {
                    return PDOPlusPlus::sqlValue($value, $type, false);
                } else {
                    throw new BadMethodCallException(
                        'For prepared statement using reference, you must use a specific injector "by reference"'
                    );
                }
            }
        };
    }
 
    /**
     * Default injector for referenced params
     * @return object
     */
    protected function injectorInByRef(): object
    {
        return new class($this->values, $this->types, $this->in_params) {
            private $values;
            private $types;
            private $in_params;
 
            /**
             * @param $values
             * @param $types
             * @param $in_params
             */
            public function __construct(&$values, &$types, &$in_params)
            {
                $this->values    =& $values;
                $this->types     =& $types;
                $this->in_params =& $in_params;
            }
 
            /**
             * @param         $value
             * @param  string $type     among: int str float double num numeric bool
             * @return string
             */
            public function __invoke(&$value, string $type = 'str'): string
            {
                $tag = PDOPlusPlus::tag();
                $this->values[$tag] =& $value;
                $this->types[$tag]  =  $type;
                $this->in_params[]  =  $tag;
                return $tag;
            }
        };
    }
 
    /**
     * Injector for params having only OUT attribute
     * @return object
     */
    protected function injectorOut(): object
    {
        return new class($this->out_params) {
            private $out_params;
 
            /**
             * @param $out_params
             */
            public function __construct(&$out_params)
            {
                $this->out_params =& $out_params;
            }
 
            /**
             * @param  string $out_param // ex:'@id'
             * @return string
             */
            public function __invoke(string $out_param): string
            {
                $this->out_params[] = $out_param;
                return $out_param;
            }
        };
    }
 
    /**
     * Injector for by val params having IN OUT attribute
     * @return object
     */
    protected function injectorInOutByVal(): object
    {
        return new class($this->values, $this->types, $this->inout_params) {
            private $values;
            private $types;
            private $inout_params;
 
            /**
             * @param $values
             * @param $types
             * @param $inout_params
             */
            public function __construct(&$values, &$types, &$inout_params)
            {
                $this->values       =& $values;
                $this->types        =& $types;
                $this->inout_params =& $inout_params;
            }
 
            /**
             * @param         $value
             * @param string  $inout_param // ex: '@id'
             * @param string  $type        among: int str float double num numeric bool
             * @return string
             */
            public function __invoke($value, string $inout_param, string $type = 'str'): string
            {
                $this->values[$inout_param] = $value;
                $this->types[$inout_param]  = $type;
                $this->inout_params[]       = $inout_param;
                return $inout_param;
            }
        };
    }
 
    /**
     * Injector for by ref params having IN OUT attribute
     * @return object
     */
    protected function injectorInOutByRef(): object
    {
        return new class($this->values, $this->types, $this->inout_params) {
            private $values;
            private $types;
            private $inout_params;
 
            /**
             * @param $values
             * @param $types
             * @param $inout_params
             */
            public function __construct(&$values, &$types, &$inout_params)
            {
                $this->values       =& $values;
                $this->types        =& $types;
                $this->inout_params =& $inout_params;
            }
 
            /**
             * @param        $value
             * @param string $inout_param   // ex: '@id'
             * @param string $type          among: int str float double num numeric bool
             * @return string
             */
            public function __invoke(&$value, string $inout_param, string $type = 'str'): string
            {
                $this->values[$inout_param] =& $value;            // by ref
                $this->types[$inout_param]  =  $type;
                $this->inout_params[]       =  $inout_param;
                return $inout_param;
            }
        };
    }
    //endregion
 
    /**
     * @param string $sql
     * @return int|null           lastInsertId() | null on error
     * @throws Exception
     */
    public function insert(string $sql)
    {
        try {
            $pdo = self::pdo();
            if ($this->isModeSQLDirect()) {
                $pdo->exec($sql);
            } else {
                $this->prepareAndAttachValuesOrParams($sql);
                $this->stmt->execute();
            }
            return $pdo->lastInsertId();
        } catch (Exception $e) {
            if ($this->debug) {
                var_dump($sql);
            }
            error_log('PPP::insert - '.$e->getMessage());
            throw $e;
        }
    }
 
    /**
     * @param  mixed $sql
     * @return array
     * @throws Exception
     */
    public function select($sql): array
    {
        try {
            if ($this->isModeSQLDirect()) {
                $this->stmt = self::pdo()->query($sql);
            } else {
                $this->prepareAndAttachValuesOrParams($sql);
                $this->stmt->execute();
            }
            return $this->stmt->fetchAll();
        } catch (Exception $e) {
            if ($this->debug) {
                var_dump($sql);
            }
            error_log('PPP::select - '.$e->getMessage());
            throw $e;
        }
    }
 
    /**
     * @param  string $sql
     * @return int           nb of affected rows
     * @throws Exception
     */
    public function update(string $sql): int
    {
        return $this->execute($sql);
    }
 
    /**
     * @param  string $sql
     * @return int           nb of affected rows
     * @throws Exception
     */
    public function delete(string $sql): int
    {
        return $this->execute($sql);
    }
 
    /**
     * @param string $sql
     * @return int             nb of affected rows
     * @throws Exception
     */
    public function execute(string $sql): int
    {
        try {
            if ($this->isModeSQLDirect()) {
                return self::pdo()->exec($sql);
            } else {
                $this->prepareAndAttachValuesOrParams($sql);
                $this->stmt->execute();
                return $this->stmt->rowCount();
            }
        } catch (Exception $e) {
            if ($this->debug) {
                var_dump($sql);
            }
            error_log('PPP::execute - '.$e->getMessage());
            throw $e;
        }
    }
 
    /**
     * @param string $sql
     * @param bool   $is_query
     * @return mixed
     * @throws Exception
     */
    public function call(string $sql, bool $is_query)
    {
        try {
            $pdo = self::pdo();
 
            $inject_io_values = function() use ($pdo) {
                if ($this->hasInOutParams()) {
                    $sql = [];
                    foreach ($this->inout_params as $io) {
                        // Injecting one by one io_params's value using SQL syntax : "SET @io_param = value"
                        $sql[] = "SET {$io} = ".self::sqlValue($this->values[$io], $this->types[$io], false);
                    }
                    $sql = implode(';', $sql);
                    $pdo->exec($sql);
                }
            };
 
            if ( ! $this->isModeSQLDirect()) {
                $this->prepareAndAttachValuesOrParams($sql);
            }
 
            $inject_io_values();
 
            if ($this->isModePrepareValues() || $this->isModePrepareParams()) {
                $this->stmt->execute();
            } elseif ($is_query) {
                // SQL Direct and Query
                $this->stmt = $pdo->query($sql);
            } else {
                // SQL Direct
                if ($this->hasOutParams()) {
                    $pdo->exec($sql);
                    return ['out' => $this->extractOutParams()];
                } else {
                    return $pdo->exec($sql);
                }
            }
 
            $data    = [];
            $nb_rows = 0;
            if ($is_query) {
                do {
                    $row = $this->stmt->fetchAll();
                    if ($row) {
                        $data[] = $row;
                        ++$nb_rows;
                    } else {
                        break;
                    }
                } while ($this->stmt->nextRowset());
            }
 
            // adding the OUT params values
            if ($this->hasOutParams()) {
                $data['out'] = $this->extractOutParams();
            }
            return $data;
        } catch (Exception $e) {
            if ($this->debug) {
                var_dump($sql);
            }
            error_log('PPP::call - '.$e->getMessage());
            throw $e;
        }
    }
 
    /**
     * @return array|null       [out_param => value]
     * @throws Exception
     */
    public function extractOutParams(): array
    {
        if ($this->hasOutParams()) {
            try {
                $sql  = 'SELECT '.implode(', ', $this->outParams());
                $stmt = self::pdo()->query($sql);
                return $stmt->fetchAll()[0];
            } catch (Exception $e) {
                if ($this->debug) {
                    var_dump($sql);
                }
                error_log('PPP::extractOutParams - '.$e->getMessage());
                throw $e;
            }
        } else {
            return [];
        }
    }
 
    /**
     * @param string $sql
     */
    private function prepareAndAttachValuesOrParams(string $sql)
    {
        /**
         * @param  string $p    among: int str float double num numeric bool
         * @return int
         */
        $pdo_type = function(string $p): int {
            return [
                'null' => PDO::PARAM_NULL,
                'int'  => PDO::PARAM_INT,
                'bool' => PDO::PARAM_BOOL,
            ][$p] ?? PDO::PARAM_STR;
        };
 
        if ( ! ($this->stmt instanceof PDOStatement)) {
            $this->stmt = self::pdo()->prepare($sql);
        }
 
        if ($this->isModePrepareValues()) {
            if ($this->hasInParams()) {
                foreach ($this->values as $token => $v) {
                    $this->stmt->bindValue($token, $v, $pdo_type($this->types[$token]));
                }
            }
        } elseif ($this->isModePrepareParams() && $this->hasInParams() && ( ! $this->params_already_bound)) {
            foreach ($this->values as $token => &$v) {
                $this->stmt->bindParam($token, $v, $pdo_type($this->types[$token]));
            }
            $this->params_already_bound = true;
        }
    }
 
    public function closeCursor()
    {
        if (isset($this->stmt)) {
            $this->stmt->closeCursor();
        }
    }
 
    /**
     * Unique tag generator
     * The tag is always unique for the whole current session
     *
     * @param string $prepend
     * @return string
     */
    public static function tag(string $prepend = ':'): string
    {
        do {
            $tag = $prepend.substr(str_shuffle(self::ALPHA), 0, 6).mt_rand(1000, 9999);
        } while (isset(self::$tags[$tag]));
        self::$tags[$tag] = true;
        return $tag;
    }
 
    /**
     * Unique tags generator
     * The tags are always unique for the whole current session
     *
     * @param  array $keys
     * @return array        [key => tag]
     */
    public static function tags(array $keys): array
    {
        $tags = [];
        for ($i = 0, $nb = count($keys) ; $i < $nb ; ++$i) {
            $tags[] = self::tag();
        }
        return array_combine($keys, $tags);
    }
 
    /**
     * @param        $value
     * @param string $type      among: int str float double num numeric bool
     * @param bool   $for_pdo
     * @return mixed|array      if $for_pdo => [0 => value, 1 => pdo type] | plain escaped value
     */
    public static function sqlValue($value, string $type, bool $for_pdo)
    {
        if ($value === null) {
            return $for_pdo ? [null, PDO::PARAM_NULL] : 'NULL';
        } elseif ($type === 'int') {
            $v = (int)$value;
            return $for_pdo ? [$v, PDO::PARAM_INT] : $v;
        } elseif ($type === 'bool') {
            $v = (bool)$value;
            return $for_pdo ? [$v, PDO::PARAM_BOOL] : $v;
        } elseif (in_array($type, ['float', 'double', 'num', 'numeric'], true)) {
            $v = (string)(double)$value;
            return $for_pdo ? [$v, PDO::PARAM_STR] : $v;
        } else {
            $v = (string)$value;
            if ($for_pdo) {
                return [$v, PDO::PARAM_STR];
            } else {
                return self::pdo()->quote($v, PDO::PARAM_STR);
            }
        }
    }
}
 
// make the class available on the global namespace :
class_alias('rawsrc\PDOPlusPlus\PDOPlusPlus', 'PDOPlusPlus', false);
class_alias('rawsrc\PDOPlusPlus\PDOPlusPlus', 'PPP', false);            // PPP is an official alias for PDOPlusPlus

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// définition des paramètres de connexion à la base de données
// constantes attendues par la fonction "private static function connect()"
define('DB_SCHEME', 'mysql');
define('DB_HOST', 'localhost');
define('DB_NAME', 'db_pdo_plus_plus');
define('DB_USER', 'root');   // utilisateur
define('DB_PWD', '');        // mot de passe
define('DB_PORT', '3306');
define('DB_TIMEOUT', '5');
define('DB_PDO_PARAMS', []);
define('DB_DSN_PARAMS', []);

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$data = [[
    'title'        => "The Lord of the Rings - The Fellowship of the Ring",
    'support'      => 'BLU-RAY',
    'multilingual' => true,
    'chapter'      => 1,
    'year'         => 2001,
    'summary'      => null,
    'stock'        => 10
], [
    'title'        => "The Lord of the Rings - The two towers",
    'support'      => 'BLU-RAY',
    'multilingual' => true,
    'chapter'      => 2,
    'year'         => 2002,
    'summary'      => null,
    'stock'        => 0
], [
    'title'        => "The Lord of the Rings - The return of the King",
    'support'      => 'DVD',
    'multilingual' => true,
    'chapter'      => 3,
    'year'         => 2003,
    'summary'      => null,
    'stock'        => 1
]];

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// à la toute fin du fichier, la classe a plusieurs alias dont PPP ;-)
$ppp  = new PPP(PPP::MODE_SQL_DIRECT);
$pdo  = $ppp->pdo();   // extraction de la ressource ouverte par PDOPlusPlus
$film = $data[0];
 
try {
    // préparation des données et échappement manuel des données numériques et gestion des NULL (je considère que les champs obligatoires sont définis (ceux notés NOT NULL dans la DDL)) :
    $values = [
        'title'        => $pdo->quote($film['title']),
        'support'      => $pdo->quote($film['support']),
        'multilingual' => (int)$film['multilingual'],
        'chapter'      => isset($film['chapter']) ? (int)$film['chapter'] : 'NULL',
        'year'         => (int)$film['year'],
        'summary'      => isset($film['summary']) ? $pdo->quote($film['summary']) : 'NULL',
        'stock'        => (int)$film['stock']
    ];
 
    // création de la chaîne SQL d'insertion 
    $sql = 'INSERT INTO t_video (video_title, video_support, video_multilingual, video_chapter, video_year, video_summary, video_stock) VALUES ('.implode(', ', $values).')';
 
    $pdo->exec($sql);
    $id = $pdo->lastInsertId();
} catch (PDOException $e) {
    throw $e;
}

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<?php
 
$ppp  = new PPP(PPP::MODE_SQL_DIRECT);
$film = $data[0];
$sql  = <<<sql
INSERT INTO t_video (video_title, video_support, video_multilingual, video_chapter, video_year, video_summary, video_stock) VALUES (
    {$ppp($film['title'])}, {$ppp($film['support'])}, {$ppp($film['multilingual'], 'bool')}, 
    {$ppp($film['chapter'], 'int')}, {$ppp($film['year'], 'int')}, {$ppp($film['summary'])}, {$ppp($film['stock'], 'int')}
);
sql;
$id = $ppp->insert($sql);

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$ppp  = new PDOPlusPlus(PDOPlusPlus::MODE_PREPARE_VALUES);
$pdo  = $ppp->pdo();
$film = $data[1];
 
$sql = <<<sql
INSERT INTO t_video (video_title, video_support, video_multilingual, video_chapter, video_year, video_summary, video_stock) 
     VALUES (:title, :support, :multilingual, :chapter, :year, :summary, :stock)
sql;
try {
    $stmt = $pdo->prepare($sql);
    $stmt->bindValue(':title', $film['title'], PDO::PARAM_STR);
    $stmt->bindValue(':support', $film['support'], PDO::PARAM_STR);
    $stmt->bindValue(':multilingual', (bool)$film['multilingual'], PDO::PARAM_BOOL);
    if ($film['chapter'] === null) {
        $stmt->bindValue(':chapter', null, PDO::PARAM_NULL);
    } else {
        $stmt->bindValue(':chapter', (int)$film['chapter'], PDO::PARAM_INT);
    }
    $stmt->bindValue(':year', (int)$film['year'], PDO::PARAM_INT);
    if ($film['resume'] === null) {
        $stmt->bindValue(':summary', null, PDO::PARAM_NULL);
    } else {
        $stmt->bindValue(':summary', $film['summary'], PDO::PARAM_STR);
    }
    $stmt->bindValue(':stock', (int)$film['stock'], PDO::PARAM_INT);
    $stmt->execute();
    $id = $pdo->lastInsertId();
} catch (PDOException $e) {
    throw $e;
}